tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-62080389415954574792024-02-20T10:27:57.144-08:00Christmasspirit-TruebookaddictChristmasspirit-Truebookaddict is Education and Scientific KnowledgeMac Donallhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03955194975930539484noreply@blogger.comBlogger21125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6208038941595457479.post-74493639019301289902020-01-04T08:52:00.000-08:002020-01-04T08:52:02.244-08:00Bird Animal Reproduction System<b>Bird Animal Reproduction System</b><br />
A bird excretion tool is a pair of metanerfous kidneys. The kidney is connected by the ureter to the cloaca because the bird does not have a urinary vesicle. More than a mammal kidney tube of a mammal because the speed of bird metabolism is very high. Every 1ml cubic tissue of the renal cortex of birds contains 100 to 500 of these kidney tubes forming a small henle arch.<br />
Water in the body is stored through tubules reabsorption. In the cloaca water reabsorption also occurs which increases the amount of water in the body. Nitrogen waste is discarded as uric acid released through the cloaca as white crystals mixed with feces.<br />
Especially in seabirds, for example gulls, in addition to excreting uric acid also salt. This is because seabirds drink salt water and eat sea fish that contain salt. Seabirds have salt excretion glands above the eyes. The salt solution flows through the nasal cavity then exits through the outer nares and finally the salt comes out through the end of the beak.<br />
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The nervous system in birds is similar to the nervous system in humans and mammals. All nerve activities are regulated by the central nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. Bird brain also consists of four parts, the cerebrum, midbrain, cerebellum and advanced marrow.<br />
In addition to the cerebellum, the cerebrum in birds can also grow well. Big brains of birds are different from big brains in humans. The surface of the cerebrum in birds does not multiply, so the number of neurons in birds develops by forming two bubbles. This development is related to the function of vision.<br />
The cerebellum of birds has folds that extend the surface so that it can accommodate a large number of neurons. The development of the cerebellum is useful for regulating bird balance when flying.<br />
In the retina of the bird's eye there are two kinds of sensory cells receiving light stimuli, namely stem cells and cone cells. Stem cells are sensitive to light stimuli while cone cells are sensitive to strong light. Night birds have many retinas that contain stem cells. Day birds have lots of cone cells. Eye lenses in birds have good accommodation.<br />
Bird groups are oviparous animals. Although the group of birds do not have external genitals, fertilization still occurs in the body. This is done by attaching cloaca to each other.<br />
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a. Male Genital System.<br />
The testes are a pair, oval or round in shape, the surface is slippery, located next to the ventral lobe of the penis most cranial. In mating season, the size gets bigger. This is where spermatozoa are made and stored.<br />
Reproductive tract. Mesonephrus tubules form afferent ducts and epididymis. The wolf ducts curl and form the duct deferens. In small birds, the very long distal ductal distal ducts form a spindle called a glomere.<br />
Near the posterior glomere of the afferent duct dilates to form the ampulla duct which empties into the cloaca as the ejaculatory duct. The efferent duct is associated with a small epididymis and then towards the deferent duct. Deferent duct has nothing to do with the ureter when entering the cloaca.<br />
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b. Female Genital System.<br />
Ovary In addition to eagles, the ovaries that develop only the left, and are located in the dorsal abdominal cavity.<br />
Reproductive tract, oviducts that develop only on the left, long, curled, attached to the body wall by mesosilfing and divided into sections; the anterior part is the infundibulum which has an open part that leads to the cavity of the selom as an ostium surrounded by fimbre-fimbre.<br />
On the posterior is the magnum which will secrete albumin, then the istmus<br />
secrete inner and outer egg cells. Uterus or shell gland to produce lime shells.<br />
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c. Festilization Process<br />
In female birds there is only one ovary, the left ovary. The right ovary does not grow perfectly and remains small, called a rudimentary.<br />
The ovary is attached by an ovum recipient funnel followed by the oviduct. The tip of the oviduct enlarges to become a uterus which empties into the cloaca. In male birds there is a pair of testicles which coincide with the ureter and empties into the cloaca.<br />
Fertilization will take place in the tip of the oviduct when sperm enters the oviduct. The fertilized ovum will move close to the cloaca. On the way to the cloaca in the oviduct, the fertilized ovum will be surrounded by shell material in the form of lime.Mac Donallhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03955194975930539484noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6208038941595457479.post-7472192559099883902020-01-04T08:51:00.005-08:002020-01-04T08:51:55.146-08:00Functioning as a Breathing Apparatus<b>Functioning as a Breathing Apparatus</b><br />
Besides functioning as a breathing apparatus when flying, pneumatic sac also helps enlarge the siring chamber so that it can amplify the sound, prevent loss of body heat that is too high, enveloping internal devices to prevent coldness, and changing body density in swimmers.<br />
Changes in density by increasing or decreasing air pockets. Bird breathing is done in two kinds, namely on flying and not flying. When not flying, breathing occurs due to the movement of the sternum so that the ribs move forward and downward. As a result, the chest cavity enlarges and the lungs expand.<br />
The expansion of the lungs causes air to enter (inspiration). In contrast to the shrinking of the chest cavity, the lungs will deflate so that the air from the air sacs returns to the lungs. So, fresh air flows through the parabronkus at the time of inspiration and expiration so that the lung function of birds is more efficient than the lungs of mammals.<br />
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When flying, active movement of the chest cavity cannot take place because the sternum and ribcage are a strong attachment base for the flight muscles. As a result, inspiration and expiration are carried out by the air sacs under the armpit, the way is by moving the wings up and down. This motion can compress and loosen the air sac so that there is an exchange of air in the lungs.<br />
The higher the flight, the bird must move its wings faster to get more oxygen. The frequency of breathing birds is approximately 25 times per minute, whereas in humans it is only 15-20 times per minute.<br />
To learn about blood circulation in aves, we take the example of bird blood circulation. The blood circulation of birds is composed by the heart as the center of blood circulation, and blood vessels. Blood in birds is composed of oval and nucleated erythrocytes.<br />
The heart of the bird is cone-shaped and encased in the pericardial membrane. The heart consists of two thin-walled porches and two billicles with thicker walls.<br />
Blood vessels are divided into arteries and veins. There are three arteries that come out of the left ventricle, namely two anonymous arteries which branch off into arteries that give blood to the head, flight muscles, and front members; and an aorta which is a remnant of the aortic arch to the right (the aortic arch to the left reduces).<br />
These arteries then circle the right bronchus and turn towards the tail into the dorsal aorta (back artery). There are only one artery coming out of the right ventricle, the pulmonary artery (pulmonary artery), which then branches into the left and right lungs.<br />
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Veins or veins are distinguished on:<br />
Upper body back vessels (superior vena cava); This vein carries blood from the head, front members, and members of the pectoralis muscles to the heart.<br />
Lower body veins (inferior vena cava); carry blood from the lower part of the body to the heart.<br />
The return vessels come from the right lung and the left lung and carry blood to the left atrium of the heart.<br />
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Eggs can hatch when incubated by the mother. The mother's body temperature will help the growth of the embryo into a baby bird. Chicks hatch by breaking egg shells using their beaks. The newly hatched chicks are still blindfolded and cannot feed themselves, and need to be raised in nests.<br />
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Function of egg parts aves:<br />
Embryonic point -> the part that will develop into an embryo<br />
Egg yolk -> embryo food reserves<br />
Kalaza -> keep the embryo shaking<br />
Egg white -> keep the embryo from shaking<br />
Air cavity -> oxygen reserves for the embryo<br />
Amnion -> Amnion is a kind of membrane that protects an embryo in an egg. Those who have amniotic eggs are reptiles, poultry, and mammals so these three classes are called "amniota". Egg amnion is not found in fish and amphibia, so these two classes are called "anamniota".Mac Donallhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03955194975930539484noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6208038941595457479.post-88416686544592531162020-01-04T08:51:00.004-08:002020-01-04T08:51:46.845-08:00Bird Digestive System<b>Bird Digestive System</b><br />
In the mouth there is a very strong beak and serves to take food. Food taken by the beak then enters the oral cavity and then into the esophagus.<br />
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The bottom of the esophagus enlarges in the form of a bag called a cache. Then it enters the stomach gland. Called the stomach gland because the walls contain glands that produce gastric sap that functions to digest food chemically.<br />
Then eat into the chewing stomach. Called the chewing stomach because the walls contain strong muscles that are useful for destroying food. In the liver, empedals often have small stones or sand to help digest food mechanically. Then, food enters the small intestine.<br />
Enzymes produced by the pancreas and bile flow into the small intestine. The digestive results in the form of food juices are absorbed by the capillaries of blood in the small intestinal wall. food. The rest of the food is pushed into the large intestine and then into the intestinal shaft (rectum) and finally excreted through the cloaca.<br />
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Bird digestion<br />
Poultry in this case take the example of birds, birds have breathing apparatus (pulmo). Pulmo size is relatively small compared to its body size. Bird lungs are formed for primary bronchi, secondary bronchi and broccoli vessels.<br />
The primary bronchi are associated with mesobronchi which is the largest bronchioles. Mesobronkus branched into two sets of anterior and posterior secondary bronchi called ventrobroncus and dorsobronchus. Ventrobronkus and dorsobronkus are connected by parabronkus.<br />
Bird lungs have around 10000 pieces. Parabronchi whose diameter is approximately 0.5mm. a pair of lungs in a bird attached to the inner chest wall. The lungs of the bird have an expansion called the pneumatic sac air sac which fills the collarbone area of the upper chest, lower chest, abdomen area, humerus bone area, and neck area.<br />
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Respiratory equipment consisting of:<br />
Nostril<br />
Pressure gaps in the pharynx, associated with the trachea.<br />
The trachea is a ring with thickening of the ring-shaped cartilage arranged along the trachea.<br />
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Siring (sound instrument), located at the bottom of the trachea. In the siring there is a sternotracheal muscle that connects the breastbone and trachea, and functions to make a sound. Besides that, the siringialis muscles can also connect the siring with the inner tracheal wall.<br />
In the siring cavity there are membranes that vibrate easily.<br />
The sound membrane vibrations depend on the size of the siring room which is governed by the sternotracheal and siringialis muscles.<br />
Tracheal bifurcation, the tracheal branching into two right and left bronchi.<br />
Bronchus (tracheal branch), located between the siring and the lungs.<br />
Lungs with membrane covering the lungs called pleura.<br />
Birds have breathing apparatus called air cavities associated with the lungs. The function of the air coffers is to help with breathing and to help enlarge the siring cavity so that it can amplify the sound. The process of breathing in birds occurs as follows. If the ribcage muscles contract, the ribcage moves forward and the sternum moves downward.<br />
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The chest cavity becomes large and the pressure decreases. This causes air to enter the lungs and then into the air coffers. When the ribs relax, the damaged bone moves backward and the sternum moves upward. The chest cavity shrinks and the pressure becomes large, resulting in air coming out of the lungs.<br />
Likewise the air from the coffs of air comes out through the lungs. Intake of oxygen by the lungs occurs at the time of inspiration and expiration. Gas exchange only occurs in the lungs. For more details, below will be explained how the respiratory mechanism in birds.<br />
Gas exchange occurs in the lungs, precisely in the parabronchi which contains many blood vessels. Avian lungs are associated with pneumatic sacs by recurrent bronchial mediators.Mac Donallhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03955194975930539484noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6208038941595457479.post-70427915450713753762020-01-04T08:51:00.003-08:002020-01-04T08:51:38.847-08:00The Characteristics of Bird Feathers and Colors<b>The Characteristics of Bird Feathers and Colors</b><br />
The color of the feathers of male and female birds of a number of species are identical but can still be distinguished because the majority of the colors of the feathers of male birds are brighter, especially feathers during mating.<br />
However, in certain duck breeds, after the nesting season, the result of changing feathers after mating, the color of the feathers fades to reddish gray and the feathers fall off so that they cannot temporarily fly. Therefore, the male duck during this period is not attractive.<br />
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Fur function<br />
Can prevent loss of body heat by wagging their feathers in cold weather.<br />
Meanwhile, during hot weather, birds maintain the coolness of the body by smoothing their feathers.<br />
Body cover.<br />
The feathers on the bottom and the feathers that lie along the wings and tail have different shapes. Large tail feathers are used for driving and braking.<br />
To beautify the body.<br />
Plumae functions so that it can fly.<br />
Plamulae functions as an insulator.<br />
Filoplumae Functioning as a sensor.<br />
Lifting the body of a bird in the air.<br />
Withstand heat so the bird's body can maintain its body heat.<br />
To protect the skin from insects.<br />
To warm the eggs when incubating.<br />
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Structure of Animal Aves<br />
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a) Skeletal structure<br />
Birds have a bone structure that adapts to flight. Bone Adaptation<br />
birds are as follows:<br />
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Birds have lighter beaks than jaws and teeth in mammals.<br />
Birds have flat and broad sternum (breastbone), useful as a place for attachment of broad flying muscles.<br />
The bones of birds are hollow and lightweight. They are very strong because they have crossed structures.<br />
Wings are composed of fewer bones than bones on human hands. This serves to reduce weight, especially when birds fly.<br />
The spine joins to give a solid frame shape, especially when flapping wings while flying.<br />
Birds also have typical bones that are suitable for flight. The front members change function into wings. Bones and chests grow and flatten as the attachment of muscles and wings. This allows the bird to fly.<br />
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b) Order function<br />
The following is the skeletal function of the turtledove:<br />
Skull: Protect the brain and head contents<br />
Neckbone: To connect to the cranium.<br />
Arm bone: To move the wing.<br />
Hasta bones of the arm. : The connecting wing bone<br />
Arm bone gather. : The connecting wing bone<br />
Choracoid: Connecting the breastbone.<br />
Sternum: The attaching place of otoT to fly.<br />
Ribs: Bones that protect the bowels.<br />
Pelvis: Connecting coccyx.<br />
Coccyx: A connecting bone with the cloaca.<br />
Dry bones: Connections to the thigh bone kebetis.<br />
Femur: For joints.<br />
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Digestive tract<br />
digestive gland<br />
The digestive organs in birds are divided into the digestive tract and digestive glands. Bird food varies in the form of grains, small animals and fruits. The digestive tract in birds consists of:<br />
Bill: is a modification of teeth, which functions to take food<br />
Oral cavity: consists of the upper jaw which is the link between the oral cavity and the horn.<br />
Pharynx: in the form of a short channel.<br />
Esophagus: in birds there is a widening in this section called cache, acting as a storage place for food that can be filled quickly.<br />
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The hull consists of:<br />
Proventriculus (stomach glands): many produce digestive enzymes, thin muscular walls.<br />
Ventriculus (stomach chewing / empedal): thick-walled muscles<br />
In grain eaters there is gravel and sand that is ingested with food that is useful for digestion and is referred to as "hen's teeth".<br />
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Intestinum:<br />
consists of small intestine and thick intestine which empties into the cloaca.<br />
The small intestine in birds consists of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.<br />
The digestive glands of birds include: liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.<br />
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The feathers of birds are actually not evenly distributed, but are designed in limited fields called pterilae and there are small areas that are not overgrown with feathers called apteriles. Exceptions to penguins and kiwi birds whose feathers cover most of his body. Bird feathers can be named according to their fields, namely:<br />
capital tract, which is fur that covers the top, sides and back of the head and continues to the next pterilae.<br />
Spinal tract, fur that extends from the top of the neck to the back and continues to the base of the tail and can continue or separate in the middle.<br />
Ventral tract, starts between the lower jaw branches and extends down to the ventral side of the neck. It usually divides into two lateral planes passing along the sides of the body and ending around the anus.<br />
The apterilae of the lower abdomen and abdomen of some birds, rich in blood vessels during nesting and brood patches. At the time of brooding the fur on the brood patch will fall out and thin skin.<br />
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Humeral tract is a pair of pterilae that are parallel like a narrow band that extends backward on the shoulder side.<br />
Caudal tracts include retrices, tail feathers, usually long and strong.<br />
Alar tract including various pterilae which is located on the wing. Thumb is the rest of the second finger. While the feathers that cover the upper and lower surface of the wing are called the covert and the feathers on the axial wing are called axillary.<br />
Femoral tract, hair that extends along the outer surface of the thigh near the knee joint to the body.<br />
Crural tract, feathers that make up the rest of the other feather fields in the legs (Sukiya, 2003).<br />
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Substitution of Fur<br />
Bird feathers are formed from non-living structures so they are easily wrinkled due to oxidation and friction. Old feathers will periodically come off and be replaced by new feathers. The release and replacement of these feathers is called molting. Substitution of hair occurs at certain times of the year and completed in one period (for several weeks).<br />
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Generally birds change their feathers once a year, but female hummingbirds experience feather changes once in two years. Feather replacement usually occurs before or after breeding. But there are also those who have partial hair changes due to certain reasons. Substitution of bird feathers is influenced by many factors, including physiological factors namely the presence of the hormone thyroxine.<br />
The perfect feathers of every bird species from hatch to adult vary. There are several species of birds which hatch bare / don't have feathers. At the time of hatching feathers is called Christmas plumage.<br />
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Most bird species have varying amounts of feathers when hatching, only a few feathers in altrical species (for example pigeons) or whole bodies covered in feathers in young precocial birds (eg chickens). When you hatch, the hair will fall out and be replaced with a new one, as follows:<br />
Juvenalplumage (plumage), more substantial than Christmas plumage. Passerines only lasted a few weeks ago and fell first winter plumage feathers.<br />
First winter plumage (feathers when one year old), obtained in late summer or autumn and lasts for 12 months, depending on the species.<br />
First nuptial plumage (first mating feathers), the first breeding feathers that will fall out as a result of hair replacement after the first mating period.<br />
Second winter plumage (second year fur), can be distinguished from adult fur in winter except for species that obtain adult fur in the first year or more than two years. This fur will be replaced by the second mating feather the following spring.Mac Donallhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03955194975930539484noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6208038941595457479.post-75431141491568893182020-01-04T08:51:00.001-08:002020-01-04T08:51:22.929-08:00Based on the Anatomical Arrangement of Feathers<b>Based on the Anatomical Arrangement of Feathers</b><br />
Based on the anatomical arrangement of feathers are divided into:<br />
Filoplumae, hairs like small hairs spread throughout the body. The ends are short and smooth branches. If observed closely it will appear to consist of a slender shaft and several barbulae at the top.<br />
Plumulae, shaped almost the same shape as filoplumae with different details.<br />
Plumae, the perfect feather.<br />
Barbae<br />
Barbulae, The tip and the lower side of each barbulae have small filaments called barbicels which help to hold the barbules together.<br />
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The composition of the plumae consists of:<br />
Shaft, which is the main shaft of the feather.<br />
Calamus, which is the base of the hair shaft.<br />
Rachis, namely continued calamus which is the axis of the feather that is not hollow in it. Rachis is filled with marrow and has tissue.<br />
Vexillum, which is a flag composed of barbae which are lateral branches of the rachis.<br />
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Bird feathers<br />
The hole at the base of the calamus is called the inferior umbilicus, while the hole at the end of the calamus is called the superior umbilicus. Bird feathers when hatched are called neossoptile, whereas as adults they are called teleoptile.<br />
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According to its location, feather aves can be divided into:<br />
Tectrices, feathers that cover the body.<br />
Rectrices, feathers at the base of the tail, vexilum are symmetrical and function as a rudder.<br />
Remiges, feathers on the wings which are subdivided into:<br />
remixes primaries which are digitally attached to the digital and metacarpally to the metacarpalia.<br />
Secundarient remiges that attach cubital to the radial ulna.<br />
The deepest tertiary remiges appear as secondary continuation of the elbow area.<br />
Parapterum, fur that covers the shoulder area.<br />
Ala spuria, small hairs attached to the thumb (Jasin, 1984).<br />
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Fur Color<br />
Fur color is produced by pigment grains, by diffraction and reflection of light by the structure of the feathers or by the pigment and structure of the feathers. The main pigments that cause hair color are melanin and carotenoids.<br />
Carotenoids are often called lipochromes which are not soluble in water but are soluble in methanol, ether or carbon disulfide. Carotenoids are divided into 2, namely zooeritrin (animal red) and zoosantin (animal yellow). Melanin pigment dissolved in acid. Eumelanin grains vary from black to dark brown. Feomelanin is almost colorless to reddish brown.<br />
Round melanin beads near the tips of the outer feathers give Newton's ring effect and cause colorful changes in the feathers. Green, blue and violet colors are not produced by pigments but depend on the structure of the fur.<br />
For example bluebird birds whose feathers are blue but do not contain blue pigments. This color is caused by the yellow pigment which absorbs the entire spectrum of light and is then reflected back. Banana-eating tropical birds have a copper pigment in the form of turacoverdin which is able to produce a dark red color produced by turacin (Sukiya 2003).<br />
One of these banana-eating species is Tauraco corythaix, which has a bright red egg yolk caused by carotenoids and 60% of the red pigment called astasantin.<br />
Although the color of bird feathers is genetic, it can change due to internal and external factors. Caged birds for a long time can also change the color of their feathers. This can be caused by the food.<br />
External factors that can affect discoloration are oxidation and friction / abrasion. Color caused by carotene can fade due to sunlight.<br />
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Internal factors that affect the color of hair are hormones. Bird species have a color dimorphism in sex. Regulation of the hormone estrogen plays a role in many male birds, that is before the beginning of the turn of the feathers. Whereas in females, it is possible to be induced by the feathers of male birds with testosterone regulation.Mac Donallhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03955194975930539484noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6208038941595457479.post-76257820790479316842020-01-04T08:51:00.000-08:002020-01-04T08:51:15.052-08:00Understanding Aves (Birds)<b>Understanding Aves (Birds)</b><br />
Birds are members of vertebrate animals that have feathers and wings. The oldest bird fossil found in Germany and known as Archeopteryx.<br />
The types of birds are so varied, ranging from tiny hummingbirds to ostriches, which are taller than people. It is estimated that there are around 8,800 - 10,200 bird species worldwide; around 1,500 of them are found in Indonesia. These various bird species are scientifically classified into the Aves class.<br />
Aves is a class of its own in the kingdom animalia, aves or birds have a common characteristic that is feathered and most of them can fly.<br />
Aves class is the only group of animals that have fur, (make no mistake haired mammals, not hairy). This is unique to the group of animals. Following is a brief description of class aves,<br />
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Evolution and Morphology of Aves<br />
Although the bird is warm-blooded, it is closely related to reptiles. Together with its closest relatives, the Crocodylidae family, aka crocodiles, birds form a group of animals called Archosauria.<br />
It is thought that birds developed from a type of reptile in the past, which shortened their front claws and grew special feathers on their bodies. At first, the primitive wing which was the development of the front claw could not yet be used to really fly, and only helped it to be able to float from an altitude to a lower place.<br />
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Today's birds have developed in such a way that they are specialized for long distances, with the exception of some primitive species. Its feathers, especially on the wings, have grown wider, lighter, stronger and tightly arranged. These feathers are also arranged so that they are able to resist water, and keep the bird's body warm in the cold.<br />
The bones become lighter because of the air cavities in it, but still strong support the body. His breastbone grew and flattened, as a place to attach strong flying muscles. His teeth disappeared, replaced by a mild beak of horny substance.<br />
All of that makes birds easier and more flying, and able to visit various habitats on earth. Hundreds of species of birds can be found in tropical forests, they inhabit these forests from the coast to the mountain peaks.<br />
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Birds are also found in swamps, grasslands, coastal areas, the middle of the ocean, rock caves, urban areas, and polar regions. Each type of adapt to the environment and its main food.<br />
Then known various types of birds with different colors and shapes. There are bright bright colors or jet black, green leaves, dark brown or dotted for disguise, and others.<br />
Some have strong beaks for tearing flesh, scraping hard fruit seeds, pointy to spear fish, flat to filter mud, wide to catch flying insects, or long to suck nectar. Some have sharp claws to grip prey, tree climbing claws, earth digging and litter claws, webbed claws for swimming, strong claws for running and tearing the enemy's stomach.<br />
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Feather Structure<br />
Fur is a characteristic class of aves that is not possessed by other vertebrates. Almost the entire body is covered with feathers, which are phylogenetically derived from the body's epidermal, which in reptiles are similar to scales.<br />
Embryologically the hairs of the aves originate from dermal papules which then stick out covering the epidermis. The base of the feathers curved inward at the edges to form follicles, which are the fur holes in the skin.<br />
The outer epidermal membrane of the horn hair buds and form a smooth wrapper, while the epidermis forms the constituent layer of fur ribs. ).Mac Donallhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03955194975930539484noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6208038941595457479.post-9004660942218480742020-01-04T08:48:00.002-08:002020-01-04T08:48:24.791-08:00Definition of Omnivorous Animals<b>Definition of Omnivorous Animals</b><br />
Omnivorous Animals - Definition, Characteristics, Adaptation, Advantages, Disadvantages, Example: The word omnivore comes from the Latin language, Omne and vorera which means all devour, it can be interpreted that Omnivore is a species that has a diet consisting of plants and animal material . Although this might sound like your average diet, not all species can eat either plants or animal ingredients.<br />
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Definition of Omnivorous Animals<br />
The word Omnivore comes from the Latin language, Omne and vorera, which means they all devour, it can be interpreted that Omnivorous is a species that has a diet consisting of plants and animal material. Although this might sound like your average diet, not all species can eat either plants or animal ingredients.<br />
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Some species only eat plants and are called herbivores, while others only eat animal meat and are called carnivores. Now you can see that omnivores are said to be unique because they get the best of both worlds.<br />
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Besides humans, there are many different species that have an omnivorous diet. Some examples of mammalian omnivores in general include ferrets, squirrels, skunks, pigs, rats, ferrets, and most types of bears. There are also some omnivores including chickens, and crows. Some reptiles, such as lizards and turtles, are also omnivores.<br />
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Characteristics of Omnivorous Animals<br />
eat plants and meat.<br />
have complex digestion<br />
has sharp teeth on the front<br />
have flat teeth on the back<br />
<br />
Adaptation to Omnivores<br />
Unlike herbivores and carnivores which have teeth that are specifically designed to eat meat or plants, omnivorous teeth are adapted for the consumption of both plants and animals. Omnivores have relatively sharp front teeth, incisors and canines, for tearing food including tough meat. They also have large, flat molars behind their mouth to grind herbs.<br />
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Raccoons (medium-sized mammals from North America) are a good example of omnivores with well-adjusted teeth. They have large, sharp front teeth that they can use to tear apart animal flesh and they also have large molars to chew on plant material, such as berries.<br />
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Omnivorous Advantages and Disadvantages<br />
Being an omnivore has several advantages, such as being able to eat a variety of products and also having a more flexible diet. Omnivores can choose their food components from both the plant and animal species around them and therefore have more choices than herbivores and carnivores. This is useful for omnivores because if one food item becomes rarer they can move to more items more easily so that species have a more selective diet.<br />
<br />
Due to changing seasons and food availability, some omnivores have to be flexible in their food. For example, the bear omnivorous diet, changes according to the season. In spring and summer, they eat superior, especially young, or hooved animals such as deer, and young plants that are softer and easier to digest. During fall and winter, bears eat smaller prey, such as ants, and they eat young plant roots and nuts, because fresh plants are less abundant.<br />
<br />
Herbivorous digestive system has been specially designed. The digestive system of the herbivore makes it possible for them to be able to eat various types of plants and plant parts, including components of coarse fibrous plants. One of the weaknesses of omnivores is that their digestive system is specialized and designed to eat both plants and animal ingredients, because it does not have the same ability as a specialized digestive system like this herbivorous digestive system. As a result, omnivores cannot eat all types of plants, including grains and wheat.<br />
<br />
For example, some humans eat grains cooked or processed, but they and other omnivores cannot digest raw grains. Having a specialized digestive system that must be able to properly handle the plants and animals that will be eaten so that it can be a disadvantage for the omnivore because it limits the types of plants that can be consumed and digested.Mac Donallhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03955194975930539484noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6208038941595457479.post-50535328160281449532020-01-04T08:48:00.001-08:002020-01-04T08:48:16.134-08:00Autotroph and Heterotrophic Equation<b>Autotroph and Heterotrophic Equation</b><br />
Autotrophs, as well as heterotrophs, are living things and both are part of certain ecosystems.<br />
The autotrophs and heterotrophs, together form the trophic level of various food pyramids.<br />
Both require sunlight and water to live and obtain energy by the conversion of chemical molecules.<br />
Also Read Articles That May Be Related: Understanding Organisms<br />
<br />
Difference between Autotrof and heterotroph<br />
The main difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs is that autotrophs can synthesize food themselves, whereas, heterotrophs cannot. Most autotrophs contain chlorophyll pigments, which play a key role in food synthesis.<br />
Chlorophyll is not present in almost all heterotrophs. Autptrophs obtain energy by converting inorganic raw materials into organic compounds, whereas, heterotrophs convert complex organic compounds into simpler energy.<br />
So, this is all about autotrophs and heterotrophs. The movement of nutrients and energy from autotrophs through various levels of heterotrophs, forming a typical food chain. Autotrophs and heterotrophs, together, are an important part of all ecosystems.<br />
Autotrophs make their own food with photosynthesis or chemosynthesis using abiotic components in the ecosystem. Heterotrophs depend on autotrophs for food.<br />
Most autotrophs are chlorophyll containing green plants. All animals, algae, and some bacteria are heterotrophs.<br />
Autotrophs depend on energy from the sun. Heterotrophs depend on solar energy indirectly.<br />
Autotrophs convert inorganic matter into organic matter. Heterotrophs obtain organic substances from autotrophs and utilize them to fulfill their metabolic processes.<br />
Although there are many differences between autotrophs and heterotrophs, they still depend on each other for survival and for the proper rotation of nutrients, and are an integral component of the ecosystem.<br />
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Examples of Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Organisms<br />
There are many differences, but in terms of energy, it all starts with sunlight. Plants absorb energy from the sun and turn it into food. You can sit in the sun for hours. You will feel warm, but you will not absorb any energy. You have to eat to get your energy.<br />
Examples of autotrophic organisms are plants, algae, and some bacteria<br />
Examples of heterotrophic organisms are all animals, fungi, bacteria and many protists<br />
Living organisms obtain chemical energy in one of two ways.<br />
<br />
Autotrophic Organism<br />
Autotrophic Organism<br />
Autotrophic organisms, are organisms that can produce their own food by photosynthesis. Food is chemical energy stored in organic molecules. Food provides both energy to do work and carbon to build the body. Because most autotrophs change sunlight to make food, we call the process by which they use photosynthesis. Only three groups of autotrophic organisms, namely: plants, algae, and some bacteria, are capable of transforming life-giving energy.<br />
Autotrophs make food for their own use, but they make enough to support other lives as well. Nearly all other organisms depend on all three groups for the food they produce. Producers, also known as autotrophs, begin the food chain that feeds all life. The food chain will be discussed in the article "food chains and food webs".<br />
<br />
Heterotrophic organism<br />
Heterotrophic organisms cannot make their own food, so they must eat or absorb it. For this reason, heterotrophs are also known as consumers. Consumers include all animals and fungi and many protists and bacteria. They may consume autotrophs or other heterotrophs or organic molecules from other organisms.<br />
Heterotrophs show diversity and can appear much more attractive than producers. But heterotrophs are limited by the dependence on the autotrophic organisms that originally made our food. If plants, algae, and autotrophic bacteria disappear from the face of the earth, animals, fungi, and other heterotrophs will soon disappear too. All living things require constant energy input. Only autotrophs can convert the source of the sun into chemical energy in food for other living things.Mac Donallhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03955194975930539484noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6208038941595457479.post-25686491851240760942020-01-04T08:48:00.000-08:002020-01-04T08:48:01.237-08:00Organisms that are able to synthesize their own food<b>Organisms that are able to synthesize their own food</b><br />
Autotrophs are organisms that are able to synthesize their own food, using energy from the sun, with a process known as photosynthesis. All plants and some forms of bacteria come under this category. They are also known as producers in the food chain, because they are able to produce their own food and this food is used directly or indirectly by other members of the food chain.<br />
Aututrophs are self-feeding or independent members of the ecosystem. They synthesize complex organic compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats, from simple inorganic molecules, with the help of light energy or by inorganic chemical reactions. Depending on the method by which they synthesize their food, autotrophs are further classified into two categories:<br />
<br />
Phototrophs<br />
These are the majority of plants, which use light as an energy source.<br />
Chemoautotrophs<br />
Bacteria or fungi that obtain their food by inorganic chemical reactions.<br />
Also Read Articles That May Be Associated: Conditions for Growth of Microorganisms and Their Explanations<br />
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Types of Autotrophs<br />
Autotrophic organisms are organisms that can convert inorganic materials into organic (can make their own food) with the help of energy such as sunlight and chemical energy. Autotrophic organisms can be divided into two types.<br />
<br />
a) Fotoautotrof<br />
Fotoautotrof<br />
Photoautotrophs are organisms that can use light energy sources to convert inorganic materials into organic matter. For example, green plants, purple bacteria and green bacteria. The process of photosynthesis in bacteria is carried out anaerobically and oxygen is not produced.<br />
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b) Chemoautotrophs<br />
Chemoautotroph<br />
Chemoautotrophs are organisms that can utilize energy from chemical reactions to make their own food from organic matter. Examples are iron bacteria, splashed bacteria, nitrogen bacteria. Chemoautotrophic bacteria use chemical energy from organic oxymolecular molecules to arrange their food. Organic molecules that can be used by chemoautotrophic bacteria are nitrogen, sulfur and iron compounds, or from the oxidation of hydrogen gas. In the process these bacteria require oxygen .<br />
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Definition of Heterotrophs<br />
Heterotrophs (from Yunaniheterone: other and trophe: nutrition) are organisms that need organic compounds in which carbon is extracted for growth. Heterotrophs are known as "consumers" in the food chain. Included in heterotrophs are all animals, fungi and bacteria<br />
In addition, all animals and other organisms that cannot make their own food are categorized as heterotrophs, including us. We are simply consumers who need external sources for food. Because we don't develop our own food, we usually carry it through the act of eating where food is digested and absorbed.<br />
This method shows that we depend on outside sources for energy production, life preservation and maintenance of our health. Without food we can never survive. Now that's a fundamental difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs, so it is important that we have to respect where our food comes from. Humans commonly referred to as omnivores are considered at the top of the food chain and the tap can eat both food plants and animals.<br />
Those organisms that get energy from organic molecules made by autotrophs are known as heterotrophs. These organisms fail to synthesize their own food and are dependent on producers or autotrophs, for the supply of organic compounds needed for their growth.<br />
As heterotrophs obtain energy from producers, they function as consumers in the food chain. Complex organic compounds produced by autotrophs are broken down into simple substances, which provide energy to heterotrophs. Like autotrophs, heterotrophs are also classified as photoheterotrophs and chemoheterotrophs, depending on the energy source. Consumers are further classified into different categories, based on consumption mode.<br />
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Herbivore - A heterotroph that obtains energy directly from plants.<br />
Carnivores - They are animals that eat other animals.<br />
Omnivores - Animals that get their food from plants as well as from other animals.<br />
Saprobes - Organisms that gain energy by breaking down the remains of dead plants and animals.<br />
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Interaction of Autotrophs and Heterotrophs in Ecosystems<br />
While speaking in terms of the food chain, organisms are classified by trophic or their feeding level in the ecosystem. Autotrophs such as plants that produce their own food, form the producer level. All food chains begin at the producer level. Primary consumers eat producers to obtain energy. Primary consumers are eaten by secondary consumers; secondary consumers are eaten by tertiary consumers, and so on.<br />
A common example to explain the food chain of ecosystems where grass is a producer, and rats that eat grass become the main consumers. The mouse becomes the prey for snakes, who become secondary consumers. The light eats snakes, and becomes a tertiary consumer. Dead animals are consumed by decomposers, and thus nutrients are mixed back into the soil. The cycle of nutrient flow from one level to the next continues to repeat between the biotic and abiotic components in the ecosystem.<br />
Also Read Articles That May Be Associated: Definition, Purpose, Benefits and Types of Conservation and Complete ExamplesMac Donallhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03955194975930539484noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6208038941595457479.post-10248657671081417422020-01-04T08:47:00.004-08:002020-01-04T08:47:52.769-08:00General Characteristics of Organisms<b>General Characteristics of Organisms</b><br />
Fruit and seeds<br />
Fruit is one of the plant organs that functions:<br />
Save food reserves<br />
Breeding tool because it contains seeds<br />
Fruit is the growth of ovaries after fertilization. Seeds are new individual candidates that grow inside the fruit, consisting of endoperm wrapped by seed coat.<br />
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Plant Organisms<br />
Plants refer to organisms that are included in Regnum Plantae. In it enter all the organisms that are very commonly known to people such as trees, shrubs, terna, grasses, ferns, mosses, and a number of green algae. About 350,000 species of organisms are included, not counting green algae. Of that number, 258,650 species are flowering plants and 18,000 species of mosses. Almost all plant members are autotrophic, and get energy directly from sunlight through the process of photosynthesis. Because the color green is very dominant in members of this kingdom, another name used is Viridiplantae ("green plant"). Another name is Metaphyta.<br />
The characteristic that is easily recognized in plants is the dominant green color due to the content of chlorophyll pigments which play a vital role in the process of capturing energy through photosynthesis. Thus, plants in general are autotrophic. Some exceptions, such as some parasitic plants, are the result of adaptation to a unique way of life and environment. Because of its autotrophic nature, plants always occupy the first position in the energy flow chain through living organisms (food chains).<br />
Plants are stationary or can not move on their own volition, although some green algae are motile (able to move) because they have flagellum. As a result of its passive nature, plants must physically adapt to environmental changes and the disturbance they receive. Morphological variation in plants is far greater than other members of the kingdom. In addition, plants produce a lot of secondary metabolites as a survival mechanism for environmental changes or intruders. Reproduction is also affected by this trait.<br />
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At the cellular level, cell walls composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin are characteristic, although in simple plants sometimes they are only composed of pectin. Only plant cells have plastids; also large vacuoles and often dominate cell volume.<br />
Also Read Articles That May Be Related: Types, Understanding of Microorganisms According to Experts and Examples<br />
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General Characteristics of Organisms<br />
Organisms are living things consisting of many interrelated components and work together to achieve a common goal. Organisms come in various sizes, shapes and lifestyles, but they all share some of the same characteristics. All organisms need food (nutrition) and remove waste, grow, multiply and eventually, die.<br />
The characteristics that are commonly found in many organisms are as follows:<br />
Requires nutrition / food<br />
Breathe<br />
Move<br />
Grow<br />
Breed<br />
Sensitive to stimuli<br />
Adapt, and there is a chemical composition<br />
Removing waste<br />
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Autotrophs are plants and some types of bacteria that make their own food to feed themselves and to help them grow. This means that they receive and absorb important ingredients for food formation.<br />
For plants they create food through photosynthesis. In this process, nutrition of raw materials and minerals that they have obtained are collected into special cells. These cells then absorb sunlight and convert them into energy to be able to assist in food conversion. Thus they make their own food for their own consumption, most recently autotrophs, better known as producers.<br />
Green plants are organisms that are able to make their own food through the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process of forming organic compounds from inorganic compounds with the help of light. Photosynthesis reactions occur in chlorophyll. Simply put, the process of photosynthesis can be formulated:<br />
6 CO2 + 6 H2O produces C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + Energy<br />
The results of photosynthesis in the form of glucose (carbohydrates) which are used by plants themselves. The glucose produced will be converted into starch or starch and stored as food reserves. These food reserves can be consumed by humans and animals. Not all green plants that can carry out photosynthesis are autotrophic organisms. There are certain plants that get food by breaking down other organisms, although these plants have chlorophyll, for example semar bags, Utricularia sp, and Drosera sp. This plant belongs to the group of heterotrophic organisms.Mac Donallhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03955194975930539484noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6208038941595457479.post-15556183181553991032020-01-04T08:47:00.003-08:002020-01-04T08:47:44.447-08:00The Endodermis for Formation of Branch Roots<b>The Endodermis for Formation of Branch Roots</b><br />
To breathe<br />
If observed at the tip of the young roots, there are four growth areas (primary), which are as follows.<br />
a. Root hoods (kaliptra), root hoods at the root end protect the root meristem from mechanical damage to all plant roots except parasitic plant roots and roots that form mycorrhizae.<br />
b. Cleavage area<br />
c. Cell division area (elongation area)<br />
d. Regional cell differentiation<br />
Cross section of young roots from the outside in is.<br />
Epidermis: The cell wall is thin, has no intercellular space. Its semipermiable, there are root hairs whose function is to suck water and mineral salts from the soil, and expand the root surface.<br />
Cortex: Thin walls, lots of space between cells. Its function is to exchange substances and store starch.<br />
Endodermis: Is a separator between cortex and stele. Its function is to regulate the entry of water and substances that lie in the central cylinder.<br />
<br />
Stele<br />
Composed of parenchyma tissue, the outer layer is called perisicles or pericambium. Consists of:<br />
Perisicles = pericambium. Is a network that is located parallel to the endodermis for the formation of branch roots<br />
Vascular cambium. Serves to form secondary phloem and xylem, at the beginning it is star-shaped (radial) but eventually rounded<br />
Xylem / bundle of wooden vessels<br />
the cells die, arranged longitudinally, the fiber disappears<br />
serves to transport food from roots to leaves<br />
consists of tracheal and trachea elements<br />
<br />
Floem, consisting of:<br />
vein filter<br />
companion cells that produce the traulin hormone<br />
The filling tissue (parenchyma) functions into an empty part.<br />
<br />
Rods<br />
Stem function:<br />
As a place for food reserves, for example in sugar cane<br />
Where leaves and roots grow<br />
To transport nutrients from the roots of the leaves or vice versa<br />
To uphold plants<br />
To breathe<br />
On the stem there are three main areas namely the epidermis, cortex, and central cylinder. Dicotyledonous stems are cambium so that they can grow enlarged, have endodermis and pericicles, bind open collateral vessels, and orderly transport vessels in circles. Monocotyledonous stems do not berkambium, so they do not grow enlarged, have endodermis and perisicles. Collateral bundles are closed and transport bundles appear to be scattered.<br />
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Leaves<br />
The leaf is a place of photosynthesis, the thinner the surface of the leaf, the faster the photosynthesis occurs.<br />
Leaf function:<br />
For photosynthesis and breathing<br />
Expenditures for evaporation and mutation<br />
A place for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases. This happens because of stomata and emiserium (a tool for removing water from plants). In other plants the leaves function as vegetative propagation tools.<br />
<br />
Leaves making tissue:<br />
a. Epidermis<br />
The leaf epidermis consists of cells with thick walls coated with cuticles and sometimes non-lignin, not chlorophyll, present on the lower and upper surfaces and function as protectors.<br />
b. Parenchyma / mesophyll<br />
In monocotyledon leaves the plants have not been differentiated, whereas in dicotyledon leaves have been differentiated into a network of poles and fences (palisades) that are on the outside and those inside the spongy tissue (rocky corals) on the inside.<br />
c. Carrier The leaf transport network is the final and initial part of the phloem.<br />
Leaves (complete leaf morphology), namely:<br />
Leaf midrib (upih leaf / vaginula)<br />
Petiole (ptiolus)<br />
Leaf blade (lamina)<br />
Examples of bananas, palms, areca nut The leaves are incomplete, for example on<br />
Biduri (Calotropis gigantea) has only a leaf blade<br />
Acacia (Acasia auruculiformis-Acunn), the leaves are merupakam<br />
widening of the stalk. Difference in leaves in dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous leaves is monocotyledonous plants have parallel or curved leaf bones, whereas in dicotyledonous plants the bones of the leaf pinnate or pinch.<br />
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Flowers<br />
Flowers are plant organs that appear only at certain times, that is, if the plant has reached a certain age.<br />
The structure of interest consists of:<br />
calyx, which protects the flower buds<br />
petal (corola) which attracts the attention of insects<br />
stamens (stamen), which produces pollen<br />
pistil (pistilum), which is a female gamete producerMac Donallhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03955194975930539484noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6208038941595457479.post-9650000638973777492020-01-04T08:47:00.002-08:002020-01-04T08:47:35.659-08:00Tissue in Plant Organs<b>Tissue in Plant Organs</b><br />
Cork network<br />
Cork tissue is a network composed of cork cells. This network functions to protect the underlying tissue from losing too much water.<br />
<br />
1. Network on the Root<br />
Tissue in the transverse incision of the root (young roots) is visible from the outside in, namely the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, and stele.<br />
a. Epidermis<br />
The cells are tightly arranged, as thick as a single cell, and have no intercellular space, the cell walls do not experience thickening and can be passed through water and mineral salts.<br />
b. Cortex<br />
Located under the epidermis, consisting of layers of thin-walled cells, the composition is not dense, a lot of space between cells that are important for the exchange of substances.<br />
c. Endodermis<br />
Namely the innermost layer of the cortex, consisting of one layer of cells, and at the same time as a separator between the cortex and the central cylinder, the cells are arranged tightly without space between cells. Endodermic cells generally experience thickening of the U-shape, and some of them do not experience thickening which is referred to as a pelalu cell or successor cells which act as a pathway for the entry and exit of water and mineral salts.<br />
d. Stele / center Cylinder<br />
Is the deepest part of the root, consisting of:<br />
1) Perisicles or pericambium, the outer portion of the stele.<br />
2) Transport vessels, consisting of xylem and phloem.<br />
3) Parenchymal tissue, a filling tissue between the bundles of transport vessels, thin-walled does not experience thickening and cytoplasm.<br />
<br />
2. Network on the Stem<br />
Simply stated, the tissue in the transverse incision of the stem (young stem) from the outside to the inside is as follows:<br />
a. Epiermis, consisting of a layer of cells that are tightly arranged and do not have space between cells.<br />
b. The cortex, which is the inner skin part of the epidermis which is composed of parenchymal tissue and has a lot of space between cells.<br />
c. Endodermis / fluterma, is a separator between the cortex and the central cylinder.<br />
d. Stele / central elinder is the inside of the stem.<br />
<br />
Network functions on the stem include:<br />
as a supporter or enforcer of the plant body a place to transport water and mineral salts (xylem) and transport the products photosynthesis (phloem).<br />
Food storage place, stored in cells, especially parenchyma cells.<br />
<br />
3. Leaf tissue<br />
In transverse incisions of the leaf, epidermal (upper and lower) tissue can be found, mesophyll tissue or leaf flesh, and leaf bone tissue or leaf veins.<br />
a. Epidermis<br />
Composed by one layer of cells whose cell walls are thickened from the cuticle or from lignin. In the epidermis (generally the lower epidermis) there is a gap flanked by two closing cells, this gap is called a stoma (leaf mouth). Among the leaf epidermis are additional tools such as trichomes (leaf hair).<br />
b. Mesophyll<br />
Consisting of cells parenchyma. The long, tightly arranged parenchyma cells are called palisade tissue or network of poles / fences. The parenchymal cells under the palisade are arranged in tenuous spaces with a lot of space between cells called spongy tissue or spongy tissue. Both of these parenchymal tissues contain a lot of chloroplasts.<br />
c. Bone leaves<br />
Leaf bone or leaf veins (branches of the leaf bone), consisting of xylem and phloem transport vessels and parenchyma.<br />
<br />
Organs and Organ Systems in Plants<br />
Organs and Organ Systems in Plants<br />
Organs in plants include:<br />
Root<br />
Root functions include:<br />
Strengthening the establishment of the stem, the depth, and breadth of the roots are proportional to the height and shade of the leaves<br />
In some plants roots function to store food reserves<br />
To absorb water and minerals in the soilMac Donallhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03955194975930539484noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6208038941595457479.post-22918379661558921502020-01-04T08:47:00.001-08:002020-01-04T08:47:24.672-08:00Meristem Network Characteristics<b>Meristem Network Characteristics</b><br />
Vacuoles<br />
The vacuole is found both in plant cells and in animal cells, but in cells<br />
plants appear larger and clearer especially in older cells.<br />
The vacuole in a plant cell is surrounded by a single membrane called a tonoplast.<br />
Plant cell vacuoles generally contain water, phenols, anthocyanins, and alkaloids<br />
protein.<br />
<br />
Network<br />
As has been stated, that the network is a collection of cells that have the same form and function. The branch of biology that deals specifically with tissue is called histology. In the discussion of these tissues, tissue tissue in animals will first be revealed, then tissue in plants.<br />
<br />
Plant tissue<br />
Tissue in plants can be divided into meristem tissue, tissue<br />
adult, supporting network, transport network, and cork network.<br />
<br />
a. Variety of Plant Networks<br />
1) Meristem Network<br />
Meristem tissue is young tissue where cells always divide or<br />
meristematic. This tissue is only found in certain parts of the plant.<br />
<br />
Meristem network characteristics:<br />
- Located in a collection of thin-walled cells<br />
- The shape and size are relatively similar<br />
- Rich in protoplasm<br />
- Generally have small vacuoles.<br />
<br />
The meristem network is divided into two types, namely:<br />
a) Primary meristems, namely meristems whose cells are a direct development of embryonal cells so that it is a continuation of embryonic growth. For example the tip of the stem and the tip of the root. The meristems at the root and root ends of the trunk are called apical meristems.<br />
b) Secondary meristems, i.e. meristems originating from adult tissues that have held differentiation. For example cork cambium and cambium that occur from the parenchyma or parenchyma base tissue.<br />
<br />
Adult Network<br />
Adult tissue is a network that has undergone differentiation. On<br />
generally adult tissue does not divide. The adult network consists of:<br />
a) Epidermal tissue, which is the outermost tissue that covers the entire surface.<br />
b) Parenchymal tissue, often called the basic network because it is formed from a basic meristem. Based on the shape, parenchyma can be divided into several types, namely:<br />
a) Palisade parenchyma, its shape is elongated, upright and contains a lot of chlorophyll. This parenchyma is a constituent of leaf mesophyll.<br />
b) Spongy parenchyma, irregular shape and arrangement of cells, the space between cells is relatively large.<br />
c) Star parenchyma, has a star-like shape, the edges are interconnected so that they have a lot of space between cells.<br />
d) Parenchyma folds, cell walls make folds towards the inside and contain lots of chloroplasts.<br />
<br />
Support Network<br />
Support networks are also called reinforcing or stereomic networks.<br />
The main function of this network is to strengthen the body parts of plants, this network consists of kolenkim and skelerenkim.<br />
a) Kolenkim, is a supporting network or reinforcement in young body tissues and old organs in soft plants, elongated shape with thickening of the walls that are not evenly distributed in the corners.<br />
b) Sklerenkim, is a reinforcing network or sometimes as a protective tissue, the cells experience secondary thickening with lignin or woody material. The sklerenkim network consists of sklerenkim fibers. Examples of sclerenkim, for example on corn stalks. Examples of sklereid for example in tea leaf pteolus and coconut shell and candlenut.<br />
<br />
Carrier network<br />
Carrier network is a plant network that functions to transport or transport substances. This network consists of xylem or wooden vessels and phloem or filter vessels. Xylem is a complex network, which can consist of xylem cells, fiber cells, and parenchyma cells. Xylem cells and fibrous cells generally experience thickening of woody material and die. The xylem cells have become elongated and form vessels. Xylem serves to transport minerals and water from the soil to the leaves. Phloem, is a complex network consisting of escort cells, parenchyma, and fibers. The function of phloem is to transport photosynthesis.Mac Donallhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03955194975930539484noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6208038941595457479.post-55621414781304458662020-01-04T08:44:00.000-08:002020-01-04T08:44:05.342-08:00Distribution Patterns of Living things in Space<b>Distribution Patterns of Living things in Space</b><br />
According to Odum (1971) the distribution of animals is influenced by the presence or absence of boundaries (barrier) and individuals who can not be separated (vagility). The limitation in distribution cannot be separated from the minimum law, the law of tolerance and the combination of the two laws.<br />
<br />
Organisms in nature are controlled by:<br />
The amount and diversity of materials to meet minimum needs and extreme physical factors.<br />
Limits of tolerance of the organism itself to certain circumstances and other components.<br />
<br />
The spread of organisms from one place to another crosses various inhibiting factors. These inhibiting factors control the spread of organisms. The main barrier factors are climate and topography. In addition, reproductive and endemism inhibiting factors control the spread of organisms. As a result of the foregoing on the surface of the earth formed groups of animals and plants that occupy different areas. The area that can be occupied by plants and animals, is related to the opportunity and ability to spread.<br />
The distribution of animals based on their breadth of scope can be divided into geographical, geological and ecological coverage. Geographic coverage, namely the area of distribution includes land and water systems. Geological coverage, which is the state of land and oceans in the past. Ecological coverage is the area of distribution with suitable environmental conditions. The factors that influence the biota are pressure from other individuals who dominate a certain place. Other factors include competition, predators, disease, food shortages, seasonal changes and lack of shelter.<br />
Also Read Articles That May Be Associated: Conditions for Growth of Microorganisms and Their Explanations<br />
<br />
Structure and Function of Organisms<br />
Cells<br />
Cells are the smallest structural and functional unit of cellular life. There are living things that are not cells for example viruses. Cellular living things can consist of one cell (uni cellular) for example Bacteria and many cells (multi cellular) for example higher plants and animals. Based on the presence or absence of the nuclear membrane, cells are divided into prokaryon cells (do not have a nuclear membrane) and eukaryone cells (have a nuclear membrane). Prokaryone cells, for example, bacteria and blue algae, and eukaryone cells, for example, are higher plant and animal cells. The cells discussed in this paper are only eukaryon cells of multi-cellular organisms, namely plant and animal cells.<br />
Eukaryone cells generally have the same parts, namely: plasma membrane, cytoplasm and their organelles. Cytoplasm is cell fluid that is outside the nucleus, filling the space between the plasma membrane and the cell nucleus. The outermost component of the cytoplasm is the plasma membrane (plasmolemma). The cytoplasm consists of a matrix in which there are inclusions and organelles. Inclusion is a cytoplasmic object in the form of a collection of pigments, lipids, proteins, or carbohydrates, whether or not wrapped in membranes. Organelles are permanent components of cells that are generally covered by membranes, and contain enzymes for metabolism. Examples of organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts and nucleus.<br />
<br />
Plant Cells<br />
In terms of its parts, plant cells have little difference with<br />
animal cell. The difference is: in plant cells have cell walls,<br />
plasmodesma, chloroplasts and large vacuoles, whereas animal cells do not.<br />
Other parts contained in plant cells are generally the same as cells<br />
animal.<br />
<br />
a. Cell wall<br />
Plant cell walls are formed from polysaccharide material, cellulose. Function<br />
cell walls namely protect the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic membrane. On several<br />
plant cells which one cell with other cells associated with<br />
plasmodesmata.<br />
<br />
b. Plastids<br />
Generally plant cells contain plastids; 4 to 6 microns in diameter<br />
(μ). Plastids are colored or not. Colorless plastids<br />
called leukoplas while the colored one is called chromoplast. Leukoplas yang<br />
function to make starch called amyloplast and which makes fat<br />
called lipoplast. While chromoplast containing chlorophyll is called<br />
chloroplast.Mac Donallhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03955194975930539484noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6208038941595457479.post-37382543989645644752020-01-04T08:43:00.005-08:002020-01-04T08:43:58.075-08:00Factors Affecting Distribution<b>Factors Affecting Distribution</b><br />
Factors that influence the pattern of distribution of living things in time<br />
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Biotic Factors<br />
Is a factor of life, or related to life. Which includes biotics, namely humans, animals (fauna), plants (flora), fungi, protists and bacteria.<br />
Living things such as humans, animals and plants have a considerable influence on the distribution of plants. Especially humans with the knowledge and technology they have can spread plants quickly and easily. Urban forest is a type of forest that is more influenced by biotic factors, especially humans. Humans are also able to influence the life of fauna in a place by protecting or hunting animals. This shows that human factors affect the life of flora and fauna in this world.<br />
For example: forest areas are converted to agriculture, plantations or housing areas by logging, reforestation, or fertilizing. Besides animal factors also have a role in the spread of flora plants. The role of plants is to fertilize the soil. Fertile soil allows the development of plant life and also influences the fauna life.<br />
animals also have a role in the spread of flora plants. for example: insects in the process of pollination, bats, birds, squirrels help in spreading plant seeds. The role of plants is to fertilize the soil. Fertile soil allows the development of plant life and also influences the fauna life.<br />
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Abiotic Factors<br />
Is, components that are not alive or inanimate objects. Abiotic components include, soil, rock and climate, rain, temperature, humidity, wind, and sun. Abiotics do not have characteristics as biotic factors, such as breathing, growing, multiplying, eating and drinking, excreting and adapting to their environment. Abiotic factors are the driving factors for biotics so biotics can live and do activities.<br />
Geological History Factors<br />
<br />
In the early 1960s, evidence of continental drift was found. The continents that were joined in Pangea began to separate gradually. The opening of the South Atlantic Sea began about 125-130 million years ago, so that Africa and South America were united directly. However, South America has also moved slowly to Western America and the two are connected by the Panama isthmus.<br />
This happened about 3.6 million years ago. When Panama's "bridge" was fully formed, several animals and plants from South America including Oposum and Armadillo migrated to West America. At the same time some animals and plants from West America such as oak, deer, and bears migrated to South America. So changes in position both large and small have a big influence on the distribution patterns of organisms, as we have seen today. Other examples are birds that cannot fly, for example the ostrices, rhea, emu, cassowary and kiwi appear to have branching divergences very early in the evolutionary journey of all other bird groups. As a result there was a subspecies earlier.<br />
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Physical Inhibiting Factors<br />
Physical inhibiting factors are also called geographic barriers or barriers (geographic isolation) such as land (land barrier), water (water barrier), and ground leveling (isthmus). Examples are: high mountains, deserts, rivers or oceans limit the spread and competition of a species. Case in point is the occurrence of finch subspecies in the Galapagos Islands due to geographical isolation. In the islands, Charles Darwin found 14 species of finches thought to originate from one species of finch from South America. The difference in finches is due to different environmental conditions. The difference lies in the size and shape of the beak. This difference has to do with the type of food (Sugianto, 1994).Mac Donallhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03955194975930539484noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6208038941595457479.post-15218678811754770092020-01-04T08:43:00.004-08:002020-01-04T08:43:50.914-08:00External Fertilization and Distribution of Life in Organisms<b>External Fertilization and Distribution of Life in Organisms</b><br />
Melting male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (ovum) cells that occur outside the body. Male animals will stimulate female animals to spray the ovum, while male animals will release sperm cells in a watery region. Water media is needed to relax the meeting of these two gamete cells. Therefore, this type of fusion usually occurs in animals in the aquatic environment, such as fish and frogs. In addition, the watery area will protect the embryo eggs during their development, this is because the embryo eggs that are formed do not have a shell and require high levels of humidity.<br />
If the eggs are moved to a dry area (land), these eggs will dry out and will damage the development of the embryo. In some aquatic animals, eggs will develop into ciliated larval forms that will wander attached to the bottom of the water to form a new colony, or sessile phase (attached to the bottom of the water) for vegetative development. Examples are found in sponges, jellyfish, etc.<br />
Also Read Articles That May Be Associated: Understanding, and Characteristics of Dicotyledon Plants and Examples in Complete<br />
<br />
Distribution of Life in Organisms<br />
Definition of Life Distribution<br />
Dispersal or distribution of life is a component of population dynamics that ensures long-term survival of populations and animal species. Dispersal is the movement of animals from their birthplace to new areas to live and reproduce. Displacement in dispersal is one-way without traveling back to its original place. The movement of animals back to their original place is called migration (Nybakken, 1988).<br />
<br />
Every organism in its habitat is always influenced by various things around it. Each factor that influences the life of the organism is called an environmental factor. Environment has dimensions of space and time, which means that environmental conditions cannot be uniform both in terms of space and time. Environmental conditions will change with changing space, and will change with time.<br />
According to Mc Naughton and Wolf (1992) each ecosystem has different characteristics, due to its species composition, community and organism distribution. Distribution in the pattern of space and time has two basic meanings, which are the result of the response of organisms with their adaptation to environmental heterogeneity in space and time and the organisms themselves act as modifiers or modify environmental heterogeneity.<br />
<br />
Distribution patterns of living things in time<br />
Most organisms are spread out at several stages of their life cycle. They leave their home environment both permanently and seasonally for more suitable habitat. This movement is very important for the survival of individuals, especially young people, who are the most vulnerable groups to spread, because there is no room for all in their home environment (Backus, 1986).<br />
Migration movements are divided into three categories, the most common is the repetition of the journey made by individuals. Such as daily or annual migration, short term or long term. Zooplankton in the ocean moves downward into deeper areas throughout the day and moves to the surface at night. This movement appears in response to the intensity of light. Earthworms annually migrate deeper into the soil to spend the winter and return to the surface in the fall and summer.<br />
The second type of migration is only one return trip. Such migrations are common to some Pacific salmon species. Salmon hatch in the sea then migrate to the river, then grow to adulthood and return to the sea to reproduce and then die.<br />
The third type of migration, for example in monarch butterflies, migrates and does not return north but the offspring return to their original place. About 70% of the last generation of monarch butterflies in the summer moves south to winter in the highlands of Mexico, this journey crosses about 14000 km. From winter moving in January and arriving in the depths of southern America early in the fall they start for a new generation (Sugianto, 1994).Mac Donallhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03955194975930539484noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6208038941595457479.post-65505229304999768002020-01-04T08:43:00.003-08:002020-01-04T08:43:43.460-08:00Attach the Buds of a Plant to Another Plant Stem<b>Attach the Buds of a Plant to Another Plant Stem</b><br />
Graft: is a reproduction by making the branches of plant stems rooted. how, some of the bark removed, and wrapped using soil. After being wrapped, tie the package tightly. So that air and water can enter, we can provide small bowls on the package. In grafted branches, roots will grow and ready to be planted into new plants. grafted plants must be cambium stems. This transplant aims to produce the same plants as the parent. (example: mango, guava and rambutan).<br />
Ducking: is a technique for breeding plants by bowing plant stems to the ground in the hope that roots will grow. After the roots arise, then the stems can be cut and moved to another place. (Example: can be used on natural plants)<br />
<br />
Paste (grafting): attach the buds of a plant to another plant stem. This grafting aims to combine two plants which have different properties. And in the end will produce plants that have two types of fruit or flowers.<br />
Connect (Enten): is to connect two living plant networks, so that both join and grow and develop into one combined plant. to connect aims to unite the two superior properties of different plants in order to produce the best quality plants.<br />
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Sexual Development in Organisms, Generative reproduction or breeding involves the fusion (fertilization) of two kinds of gamete cells, sperm (male gametes) and ovum (female gametes). Individuals that are formed will inherit the two parent traits which will bring out the prominent traits. The genetic combination in sexual reproduction increases genetic variation at the species level. Sexual reproduction produces new individuals who are not exactly the same parents. Based on where gametes meet, reproduction can be divided into;<br />
<br />
Internal Fertilization<br />
Melting of male gamete cells and female gamete cells occurs in the body of female animals. In this mechanism animals will be equipped with copulation tools. This copulation tool will help deliver gamete cell encounters. The penis is a copulation tool in some males, and the vagina is a copulation tool in female animals. Male animals release millions of gamete cells through copulation tools into female reproductive organs. Then these sperm cells will "run" looking for the presence of an ovum, only one sperm can fertilize an egg. Based on how the development of the embryo can be divided into:<br />
<br />
Laying Eggs (OVIPAR)<br />
The embryo will develop outside the mother's body with a crested structure. Embryo eggs will be removed from the parent body. This shell is composed of lime which protects the embryo egg from water loss. Developing outside the body does not inhibit embryonic development. Embryo eggs have been equipped with yellow sacs (yolksacs) which are nutrients to supply the development of the embryo while in the shell. Animals have varying time in embryonic development, this can be addressed by the size of the egg.<br />
The larger the size of the egg, the larger the yellow sac, meaning that the development of the embryo is getting longer. It takes heat in the process of embryo growth in the shell, therefore, the mother will do a way to warm the child in the egg. Some mothers incubate their eggs (chickens, birds, other poultry) and some bury them in sand or leaf heaps (turtles, snakes, etc.). Some mothers will wait until their offspring hatch, and some leave their offspring.<br />
<br />
Childbirth (VIVIPAR)<br />
The embryo develops in the body of the female parent (uterus). The embryo will get food supply from the parent blood vessels through the placental connection. The embryo will develop in the womb of the female parent in the period of pregnancy, which varies greatly in time for each animal.<br />
Example: most mammals, including humans.<br />
<br />
Egg-laying birth (OVOVIVIPAR)<br />
A combination between laying eggs and giving birth. In this development, the embryo is stored in an eggless body in the body. These eggs are equipped with yellow sacs to supply the development of the embryo. Until the specified time, these eggs break apart in the body of the female parent, and exit the female body. Example: several reptiles (lizards, etc.).Mac Donallhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03955194975930539484noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6208038941595457479.post-46950514752040707102020-01-04T08:43:00.002-08:002020-01-04T08:43:35.659-08:00Asexual Development in Organisms<b>Asexual Development in Organisms</b><br />
In asexual reproduction, an individual can do reproduction without the involvement of other individuals of the same species. The division of bacterial cells into two daughter cells is an example of asexual reproduction. However, asexual reproduction is not limited to single-celled organisms. Most plants also have the ability to carry out asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction is divided into two, namely natural vegetative and artificial vegetative.<br />
<br />
Kingdom Plantae (Plants)<br />
* Has a membrane around the cell nucleus - eukaryotic<br />
* Multicellular organisms<br />
* Photosynthetic organisms (autotrophic)<br />
Kingdom Animalia (Animal)<br />
* Is the largest kingdom of the classification of 5 kingdoms<br />
* Has a membrane around the cell nucleus - eukaryotic<br />
* Multicellular<br />
* Digests their food (heterotrophic)<br />
The four main phyla, namely:<br />
Coelentera<br />
* only has two cell layers<br />
* has a hollow body cavity<br />
for example: hydra, jellyfish<br />
Annelida<br />
* has segmented body wall (ring)<br />
for example: earthworms, sandworms<br />
Arthropods<br />
* has an exoskeleton<br />
* has jointed attachments<br />
for example: grasshoppers, lobsters, spiders, insects<br />
chordata<br />
* has a back nerve cable<br />
* has an endoskeleton<br />
for example: sharks, frogs, humans, cats<br />
Also Read Articles That May Be Associated: Understanding, Characteristics, And Types of Uncultured Plants (Bryophyta) With Complete Examples<br />
<br />
a. Natural Vegetative<br />
Fission: Occurs in single-celled organisms, this organism will split into two equal parts eg: - Bacterial and plasmodium cell division (repoduction with double fission, the cell nucleus divides repeatedly and then each child nucleus is surrounded by cytoplasm), this process is called amitosis<br />
Spore formation: formed in the parent body by cell division. If the environmental conditions are good, the spores will germinate and form new individuals. Example: mushrooms, mosses, nails<br />
Pementukan Tunas: Tunas are small bumps that will develop and form the same as the parent with a small size. Then these shoots can be removed and if planted, grow as new individuals. Example: Yeast and Hydra cells (a type of coelenterata)<br />
Fragmentation: When an organism breaks, it splits into two parts, and the fracture can grow back into a new individual. This fragmentation depends on the ability of regeneration, that is, repairing tissue or organs that have been lost. Examples: flatworms, thread-shaped algae<br />
Vegetative Propagation: Vegetative propagation is given to seed plants. This process is when the body parts of the plant separate, then that part will grow into one / more new plants.<br />
Stolon: is a stem that runs above the ground. along the stolon can grow wild shoots, and these shoots can be used as plant saplings. (Example: puzzle grass, elephant grass and strawberry)<br />
Root Stay / rhizoma: is a trunk that runs underground. Can bulbs to store food or no bulbs. Rizom's characteristic is the presence of leaves that resemble scales, buds, segments and between segments. (Example: turmeric, ginger, galangal and kencur)<br />
Buds grow around the base of the stem: shoots that form clumps. (Example: Banana Tree, Bamboo Tree)<br />
Wild shoots: occur in plants whose leaves have meristems that can cause the formation of new shoots at the edge of the leaf. (Example: Cocor Duck Shoots)<br />
Lapis Bulbs: are short stems that are underground. the bulbs are covered with paper-like scales. (Example: Shallots)<br />
Stem Tubers: are stems that grow underground, are used as a storage place for food reserves, and therefore we can see a large shape. In the tubers, we can also see shoots that will also form new individuals. (Example: Potatoes)<br />
<br />
b. Artificial Vegetative<br />
Reproduction due to assistance from other parties, such as humans;<br />
Cuttings: is planting plant parts, so that they can be grown into new plants. There are various kinds of cuttings, namely stem cuttings, leaves, or roots. stem cuttings can be done on cassava plants and betel plants. we can do leaf cuttings on the duck cocor and begonia plants. and root cuttings can be done on breadfruit plants.Mac Donallhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03955194975930539484noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6208038941595457479.post-11951414390050976202020-01-04T08:43:00.001-08:002020-01-04T08:43:27.072-08:00Characteristics of Unicellular Organisms<b>Characteristics of Unicellular Organisms</b><br />
Apart from these, examples include diatoms, Euglena, chlorella, and Chlamydomonas. In order to get an idea of how these organisms look like, you can study microorganisms in pond water. For biological experiments, collect fresh water samples from garden ponds in small bottles. Using eye drops, put a drop of water sample on a slide, gently place the slip cover on it, and observe under a microscope. You will find randomly moving minute organisms, most of which are organisms that have a single cell. Organisms, which consist of many cells and are much larger and more complex compared to unicellular organisms.<br />
Single-celled or single-celled organisms or unicellular organisms are special organisms. The number of unicellular organisms is not as much as multicellular organisms that almost cover all living things. Unicellular organisms have certain characteristics. Some of the characteristics of these unicellular organisms are having invisible or microscopic body shapes or which can only be seen using a microscope, but sometimes there are also unicellular organisms that can be seen using the naked eye.<br />
<br />
Unicellular organism part<br />
Since it was mentioned earlier that these unicellular organisms are microscopic creatures, most of which are unicellular organisms are a type of bacteria or protozoa or germs and their friends. Some examples of unicellular organisms are:<br />
<br />
Multicellular organisms<br />
has undergone cell differentiation, which performs special functions.<br />
For example: nerve cells, blood cells, muscle cells, all perform different functions.<br />
Most of life, which can be seen with the naked eye, is a multicellular organism.<br />
Multicellular Organisms<br />
Multicellular Organisms<br />
Organisms, which are composed of many cells and are much larger and more complex compared to unicellular organisms. Multicellular organisms have undergone cell differentiation, which performs special functions. For example: nerve cells, blood cells, muscle cells, all perform different functions Most of life, which can be seen with the naked eye, is a multicellular organism.<br />
A multi-cell organism - covering all organisms from the Plantae and Animalia kingdoms - fish, humans, tigers, horses, cows, dogs, sheep, snakes, whales, elephants, mango trees, roses, plants, plants, etc.<br />
<br />
Examples of multicellular organisms<br />
A multi-cell organism - covering all organisms from the Plantae and Animalia kingdoms - fish, humans, tigers, horses, cows, dogs, sheep, snakes, whales, elephants, mango trees, roses, plants, herbs, etc. Humans are the best examples from multicellular organisms. Multicellular organisms are also known as 'eukaryotes' or 'eukaryotic entities'.<br />
<br />
Characteristics of Multicellular Organisms<br />
Having more than one cell (many)<br />
Organisms have a large size<br />
The composition and structure of the body is very complex and complicated<br />
Having various organs that perform different functions<br />
Has a separate cell and DNA nucleus<br />
Although in general multicellular organisms are larger, there are also microscopic sizes known as myxozoa. Some examples of multicellular organisms are humans, animals, plants, myxozoa, and all types of fungi.<br />
Also Read Articles That May Be Related: Explanation of Microorganisms as Separators of Metal Ore<br />
<br />
Classification of Organisms<br />
Organisms are grouped into five kingdoms based on:<br />
The presence or absence of a core membrane<br />
Unicellular (single cell) or multicellular (multiple cells)<br />
Types of nutrients used by organisms (heterotrophic or autotrophic)<br />
<br />
Kingdom Monera<br />
* Has a primitive cell structure lacking a nuclear membrane - prokaryotes<br />
* Most of these kingdoms are unicellular (some are in multicellular clusters)<br />
* Two main phyla, namely: Bacteria (heterotrophic) and Blue-green Algae (autotrophic)<br />
<br />
Kingdom Protista<br />
* Has a membrane around the cell nucleus - eukaryotic<br />
* Dominated by unicellular organisms<br />
* Two main phyla namely: Protozoa - heterotrophic animals (paramecia, amoeba), Algae - autotrophic plants (Spirogyra)<br />
<br />
Kingdom Fungi<br />
* Has a membrane around the cell nucleus - eukaryotic<br />
* Absorb food from the environment (heterotrophic)<br />
* Arranged in many nucleated filaments such as bread mold (multicellular), mushroom (multicellular), yeast (unicellular)Mac Donallhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03955194975930539484noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6208038941595457479.post-7561889306329319082020-01-04T08:43:00.000-08:002020-01-04T08:43:15.757-08:00Understanding Organisms and General Characteristics<b>Understanding Organisms and General Characteristics</b><br />
Understanding Organisms, Characteristics, Functions, Classifications and Structures: Are living things consisting of many interrelated components and working together to achieve common goals<br />
Organism<br />
See the Core List:<br />
Understanding Organisms<br />
The word "organism" comes from the Greek "organismos", or "Organon", which means "instrument, application, instrument, sense organ or concern". It first appeared in English in 1703 (Oxford English Dictionary). Organisms are directly related to the term "organization". The term organism may be broadly defined as an assembly of molecules that function as a more-or-less stable whole that shows the characteristics of life. This organism includes all individual living things that can react to stimuli, reproduce, grow, and maintain homeostasis (self-regulation).<br />
Organisms are living things consisting of many interrelated components and work together to achieve a common goal. Organisms come in various sizes, shapes and lifestyles, but they all share some of the same characteristics. All organisms need food (nutrition) and remove waste, grow, multiply and eventually, die.<br />
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The characteristics that are commonly found in many organisms are as follows:<br />
Requires nutrition / food<br />
Breathe<br />
Move<br />
Grow<br />
Breed<br />
Sensitive to stimuli<br />
Adapt, and there is a chemical composition<br />
Removing waste<br />
However, these characteristics are not universal. Microorganisms such as bacteria do not breathe, but use other chemical pathways. Many organisms are unable to move independently and many organisms cannot reproduce, even though their species are capable.<br />
<br />
Characteristics and Types of Organisms<br />
Living things are collectively referred to as organisms, because their bodies consist of one or more organs and organelles to carry out various processes in all life.<br />
<br />
Unicellular Organisms<br />
Unicellular organisms<br />
An organism, which consists of only one single cell and is smaller and simpler when compared to multicellular organisms. Unicellular organisms carry out all special functions in one cell. Life, which cannot be seen with the naked eye, is a unicellular organism. Examples of unicellular organisms; Unicellular organisms include amoebas, bacteria and some forms of algae such as diatoms.<br />
Unicellular organisms carry out all special functions in one cell. Life, which cannot be seen with the naked eye, is a unicellular organism.<br />
<br />
Examples of Unicellular Organisms<br />
The majority of microbes (including viruses) are unicellular in organizations. According to the theory of evolution, unicellular organisms were the first to develop on Earth. Their origin dates back to 3.8 billion years ago. Each of them has several characteristic features, which help in adaptation to various environmental conditions. You can find single-celled organisms in every habitat, even in the most friendly conditions.<br />
<br />
Amoeba<br />
Amoeba<br />
Amoeba is also a protozoan, a eukaryotic unicellular, which is found in almost all freshwater habitats. Famous for its unique mode of motion, it has no particular shape. In fact, the shape of cells depends on the conditions prevailing. Whenever needed, amoeba extends the prosthetic limb (pseudopodia), and uses it for phagocytosis and movement.<br />
<br />
Paramecium<br />
Paramecium<br />
A eukaryotic, protozoan sandal, paramecium consists of one cell. His body is covered with hair like minute cilia, which helps in motion and eating. Reproductive paramecium is studied in detail, so as to understand the degree of multiplication. Under favorable conditions, it reproduces by asexual method, while under stress, reproduction takes place sexually.<br />
<br />
Bacteria<br />
Bacteria<br />
All of us have a brief idea about bacteria. Right from the formation of yogurt to cause infectious diseases, bacteria that are present anywhere in the environment. They are minute and have various shapes (stem, round, spiral, etc.). Some strains of bacteria are adapted to harsh conditions such as deep in the earth's crust and hot water. They play an important role in nutrient recycling.<br />
<br />
Cyanobacteria<br />
Cyanobacteria<br />
Also known as blue-green algae (BGA), cyanobacteria are unicellular organisms. It has the characteristics of both bacteria and algae, hence the name. Cyanobacteria resemble algae because they both undergo photosynthesis for food production. While the prokaryotic nature of BGA makes it similar to bacteria.Mac Donallhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03955194975930539484noreply@blogger.com